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  • 青光眼发病机制,治疗方式

    时间:2020-12-09 20:06:45 来源:蒲公英阅读网 本文已影响 蒲公英阅读网手机站

    相关热词搜索:青光眼 发病 机制

     Aqueous production Aqueous humour is produced from plasma by the ciliary epithelium of the ciliary body pars plicata, using a bination of active and passive secretion(既有主动分泌也有被动运输)、 A high—protein filtrate passes out of fenestrated capillaries (ultrafiltration)

     into the stroma of the ciliary processes, from which active transport of solutes(溶质)

     occurs across the dual-layered ciliary epithelium、 The osmotic gradient thereby established facilitates the passive flow of water into the posterior chamber、 Secretion is subject to the influence of the sympathetic nervous system, with opposing actions mediated by beta-2 receptors (increased secretion) and alpha-2 receptors (decreased secretion)(互相拮抗调节)、 Enzymatic action is also critical – carbonic anhydrase(碳酸酐酶) is among those playing a key role、[1] The trabecular meshwork(小梁网)

     (trabeculum) is a sieve-like(筛状) structure at the angle of the anterior chamber (AC)

     through which 90% of aqueous humour leaves the eye、 It has three ponents、

     The uveal meshwork(葡萄网) is the innermost portion, consisting of cord-like(索状) endothelial cell-covered strands arising from the iris(虹膜) and ciliary body stroma、 The intertrabecular(小梁)

     spaces are relatively large and offer little resistance to the passage of aqueous、 The corneoscleral meshwork lies external to the uveal meshwork to form the thickest portion of the trabeculum、 It is posed of layers of connective tissue strands with overlying endothelial-like cells、 The intertrabecular spaces are smaller than those of the uveal meshwork, conferring greater resistance to flow、 The juxtacanalicular (cribriform)

     meshwork is the outer part of the trabeculum, and links the corneoscleral meshwork with the endothelium of the inner wall of the canal of Schlemm、 It consists of cells embedded in a dense extracellular matrix with narrow intercellular spaces, and offers the major proportion of normal resistance to aqueous outflow、 The Schlemm canal is a circumferential channel within the perilimbal sclera、 The inner wall is lined by irregular spindle—shaped endothelial cells containing infoldings (giant vacuoles)

     that are thought to convey aqueous via the formation of transcellular pores、 The outer wall is lined by smooth flat cells and contains the openings of collector channels, which leave the canal at oblique angles and connect directly or indirectly with episcleral veins、 Septa monly divide the lumen into 2–4 channels、[1] Anatomy of outflow channels:

     A, Uveal meshwork; B, corneoscleral meshwork; C, Schwalbe line; D, Schlemm canal; E, connector channels; F, longitudinal muscle of the ciliary body; G, scleral spur Routes of aqueous outflow:

     A, trabecular; B, uveoscleral; C, iris

     Aqueous Humor Drainage Pathways of Healthy and Glauatous Eyes Simple intraocular pressure: High intraocular pressure has direct damage to the optic nerve、 [2] High intraocular pressure directly oppresses optic nerve fibers, blocks axoplasmic transport, thereby damaging retinal ganglion cells、 Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) causes stretching of the laminar beams and damage to retinal ganglion cell axons、、[3, 4] Trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference [5] Mitochondrial DNA mechanism Abnormally elevated intraocular pressure can directly lead to mtDNA damage and mutation, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby mtDNA further damages and mutates, forming a vicious circle, causing RGC progressive apoptosis、

     The vascular theory of glaua considers GON as a consequence of insufficient blood supply due to either increased IOP or other risk factors reducing ocular blood flow (OBF)、 Vascular dysregulation, rather than an atherosclerosis, leads to both low perfusion pressure and insufficient autoregulation、 This in turn may lead to unstable ocular perfusion and thereby to ischemia and reperfusion damage、[6] High concentrations of glutamate causing RGC excitotoxic damage is the main cause of death in glaua patients、[7]

     Increased oxidative stress and increased ROS production play an important role in the development of glaua、[8] In recent years, it has been found that the immune system plays an important role in the development of GON、 药物治疗得局限性:[9] 1. 很多患者仅用药物治疗不能降至理想得目标眼压。

     2. 药物副作用 3. 昂贵得药费 4. 长时间用药可能会影响今后得手术效果 5. 随着用药时间得延长,降眼压作用减弱 6. 可能与全身药物产生交叉反应 7. 药物产生得副作用干扰患者生活 8. 患者长期用药得依从性差 Table 1 Summary of drugs used to treat glaua[10] Drug class Mechanism Clinical use Ocular side effects Systemic side effects

     Prostaglandin analogues Latanoprost Travoprost Bimatoprost Tafluprost Increase aqueous humor outflow Preferred first-line therapy (lowering of IOP by 6–7 mm Hg) Superior lowering of IOP; proof of neuroprotection pending Blurred vision Lid changes Dry eyes Heterochromia Hypertrichosis Hyperemia Unmon b-blockers Timolol Betaxolol Levobunolol Decrease aqueous humor production Acceptable first line therapy (lowering of IOP by 5–6 mm Hg)

     Proof of neuroprotection Burning/stinging Broncho-spasm Worsening heart failure Bradycardia Heart block Depression a-agonists Brimonidine Increase aqueous humor outflow, decrease aqueous humor production Appropriate first-line therapy (lowering of IOP by 3–4 mm Hg) Proof of neuroprotection Hyperemia Allergic conjunctivitis Somnolence (more mon in children)

     Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors Dorzolamide Brinzolamide Decrease aqueous humor production Appropriate first line therapy (lowering of IOP by 3–4 mm Hg)

     No proof of neuroprotection Burning Hyperemia Allergic conjunctivitis Allergic reaction Angioedema (rare)

     LASER TREATMENT OF GLAUA Laser trabeculoplasty Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) Micropulse laser trabeculoplasty (MLT)

     Laser iridotomy

     Diode laser cycloablation Laser iridoplasty ALT is effective as medical therapy in lowering IOP、 The most mon adverse eventwas a transient increase in IOP、 The incidence of this event was 12% for an increase in IOP of 、10 mm Hg and 34% for an increase in IOPof、5 mmHg、 Other adverse events included a low-grade iritis、

     plications • Bleeding occurs in around 50% but is usually mild and stops after only a few seconds; persistent bleeding can be terminated by increasing contact lens pressure、

     • IOP elevation、 Usually early and transient but occasionally persistent、

     • Iritis、 Especially if excessive laser is applied or post-laser steroid therapy is inadequate, or in darker irides (including those due to prostaglandin derivative treatment)、

     • Corneal burns may occur if a contact lens is not used or if the AC is shallow; these usually heal very rapidly without sequelae、

     • Cataract、 Localized lens opacities occasionally develop at the treatment site; age-related cataract formation may be accelerated by iridotomy、 TRABECULECTOMY NON-PENETRATING GLAUA SURGERY DRAINAGE SHUNTS 青光眼引流器得应用能减少结膜下与滤过道得瘢痕形成,从而大大提高手术得成功率。目前用于治疗青光眼得房水引流器件有:

     Ex—press 引流钉 Ahmed 引流阀 SOLX Gold Shunt超微青光眼金质分流器 IStent 小梁网分流微支架 Eyepass小梁网分流器 T-FLUX 引流器 AquaFlowTM 胶原青光眼引流器 FNPT引流器等.[9] 目前治疗青光眼得引流装置,采用被动得工作原理,依靠简单得物理压强进行调节,且不能与眼压监测相结合形成随时精确控制得智能系统,因此治疗得效果也很有限,眼压不可控,微管结构易被堵塞仍就是未解难题。

     目前另一个研究热点就是 MEMS 眼压测试系统,其系统植入眼内,用 MEMS 压力传感器采集眼压,同时用射频将电能输送到眼内能量接受系统,其电能驱动体内传感器与射频收发系统降眼压发送到体外智能得压力传感与压控引流就是两个独立得系统. plications

     The rate of serious plications is similar to that of mitomycin trabeculectomy、

     • Excessive drainage, resulting in hypotony and a shallow anterior chamber、

     • Malposition (Fig、 10、46A)

     may result in endothelial or lenticular touch with corneal depensation and cataract respectively、 Ciliary sulcus or pars plana tube placement can be used in some eyes to negate the possibility of corneal touch、

     • Tube erosion through the sclera and conjunctiva (Fig、 10、46B)、

     • Corneal depensation due to endothelial cell loss、

     • Double vision due to extraocular muscle interference; this may be a higher risk with some implants than others、

     • Early drainage failure may occur as a result of blockage of the end of the tube by vitreous, blood or iris (Fig、 10、46C)、

     • Late drainage failure occurs in about 10% of cases per year and is parable to, or perhaps slightly better than, that following trabeculectomy、[1] 1、

      Bowling, B、, Kanski"s Clinical Ophthalmology、 Elsevier Saunders, 2016、 2、

      黄春玲, 青光眼视神经损伤发病机制得研究进展、 右江民族医学院学报, 2014、 36(01):

     p、 97-99、 3、

      Morrison, J、C、, et al、, Understanding mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage、 Prog Retin Eye Res, 2005、 24(2):

     p、 217—40、 4、

      Golzan, S、M、, A、 Avolio, and S、L、 Graham, Hemodynamic interactions in the eye: a review、 Ophthalmologica, 2012、 228(4):

     p、 214—21、 5、

      Ren, R、, et al、, Trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference correlated with neuroretinal rim area in glaua、 Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2011、 249(7):

     p、 1057—63、 6、

      Flammer, J、, et al、, The impact of ocular blood flow in glaua、 Prog Retin Eye Res, 2002、 21(4):

     p、 359—93、 7、

      Seki, M、, et al、, Protection of retinal ganglion cells by caspase substrate—binding peptide IQACRG from N—methyl-D—aspartate receptor—mediated excitotoxicity、 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2010、 51(2):

     p、 1198-207、 8、

      Qu, J、, D、 Wang, and C、L、 Grosskreutz, Mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell injury and defense in glaua、 Exp Eye Res, 2010、 91(1):

     p、 48-53、 9、

      姚嘉林, 用于青光眼治疗得眼压传感器与微引流技术研究、 2016, 南昌航空大学、 10、

      Cohen, L、P、 and L、R、 Pasquale, Clinical characteristics and current treatment of glaua、 Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2014、 4(6):

     p、 256—260、

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