材料科学基础--金属材料变形与再结晶(上)(专业课)

时间：2021-05-08 12:02:31 来源：蒲公英阅读网 本文已影响人

相关热词搜索：材料科学 专业课 结晶

材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文关键词：材料科学，专业课，结晶，金属材料，变形

材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文简介：一、单选题（共7小题，每题5分）1、体型立方是一种（）结构。A、平行B、密排C、并列D、对称2、镁晶体在常温情况下有（）面。A、12B、3C、4D、63、滑移带在光学显微镜下呈现（）状态。A、线形B、环形C、圆形D、梯形4、固溶体中的溶质原子趋向于在（）周围的聚集分布。A、位错B、应力C、应变D、晶

材料科学基础--金属材料的变形与再结晶(上)(专业课) 本文内容：

一、单选题（共

7

小题，每题

5

分）

1、

体型立方是一种（

）结构。

A、平行

B、密排

C、并列

D、对称

2、镁晶体在常温情况下有（

）面。

A、12

B、3

C、4

D、6

3、滑移带在光学显微镜下呈现（

）状态。

A、线形

B、环形

C、圆形

D、梯形

4、固溶体中的溶质原子趋向于在（

）周围的聚集分布。

A、位错

B、应力

C、应变

D、晶粒

5、复滑移的另一个名字是（

）。

A、滑移系

B、复滑移

C、滑移线

D、多滑移

6、丝织构是在（

）过程中形成。

A、拔丝

B、轧向

C、轧板

D、轧面

7、溶质原子气团将对位错起到（

）作用。

A、割阶

B、扭折

C、钉扎

D、硬化

二、多选题（共

6

小题，每题

5

分）

1、以下属于多项合金塑性变形的是（

）。

A、聚合型合金组织

B、弥散型合金组织

C、塑性合金组织

D、多项合金组织

2、单晶体的塑性变形主要包括（

）。

A、滑移

B、滑移系

C、复滑移

D、滑移线

3、退火孪晶的（

）与孪晶有较大区别。

A、形貌

B、形变

C、温度

D、机制

4、（

）首先估算了派—纳力（P-N力）。

A、派尔斯

B、纳尔斯

C、纳巴罗

D、派巴罗

5、金属的塑性变形主要包括（

）。

A、复杂晶体的塑性变形

B、单晶体的塑性变形

C、多晶体的塑性变形

D、以上答案都对

6、溶质原子的加入通常同时提高（

）。

A、屈服强度

B、整个应力—应变曲线的水平

C、材料的加工硬化速率

D、位错应力场

三、判断题（共

7

小题，每题

5

分）

1、孪生会使位向发生变化，与未切变区呈镜面平行。

对

错

2、晶体的变形方式只有滑移和孪生两种。

对

错

3、溶质原子与位错发生弹性的交互作用。

对

错

4、滑移的临界分切应力的取向因子最小值是0.5。

对

错

5、晶体的滑移可以是晶体任意的晶面。

对

错

6、变形金属在退火过程中也可能产生孪晶组织。

对

错

7、板织构主要是在轧板时形成，其主要特征为各晶粒的某一晶面和晶向趋向于与轧面和扎向平行，一般这种组织也就以相关面和方向表示。

对

错

得分：70分

篇2：材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文

材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文关键词：材料科学，译文，专业英语，工程，_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials

材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文简介：Solidmaterialshavebeenconvenientlygroupedintothreebasicclassifications:metals,ceramics,andpolymers.Thisschemeisbasedprimarilyonchemicalmakeupandatomic

材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文 本文内容：

Solid

materials

have

been

conveniently

grouped

into

three

basic

classifications:

metals,ceramics,and

polymers.

This

scheme

is

based

primarily

on

chemical

makeup

and

atomic

structure,and

most

materials

fall

into

one

distinct

grouping

or

another,although

there

are

some

intermediates.

In

addition,there

are

three

other

groups

of

important

engineering

materials—composites,semiconductors,and

biomaterials.

译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。除此之外，

有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。

Composites

consist

of

combinations

of

two

or

more

different

materials,whereas

semiconductors

are

utilized

because

of

their

unusual

electrical

characteristics;

biomaterials

are

implanted

into

the

human

body.

A

brief

explanation

of

the

material

types

and

representative

characteristics

is

offered

next.

译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。关于材料类型和他们特殊的特征的一个简单的解释将在后面给出。

METALS

Metallic

materials

are

normally

combinations

of

metallic

elements.

They

have

large

numbers

of

nonlocalized

electrons;

that

is,these

electrons

are

not

bound

to

particular

atoms.

Many

properties

of

metals

are

directly

able

to

these

electrons.

be

bound

to

被约束于。。

be

attribute

to

归属于。。归因于。。

译文：金属材料通常由金属元素组成。它们有大量无规则运动的电子。也就是说，这些电子不是被约束于某个特定的原子。金属的许多性质直接归属这些不规则运动的电子。

Metals

are

extremely

good

conductors

of

electricity

and

heat

and

are

not

transparent

to

visible

light;

a

polished

metal

surface

has

a

lustrous

appearance.

Furthermore,metals

are

quite

strong,yet

deformable,which

accounts

for

their

extensive

use

in

structural

applications.

科技英语在讲述科学真理的时候通常用主动语态。如：

Metals

are

extremely

good

conductors

of

electricity

Deformable

？

译文：金属是十分好的电和热的导体，它们对可见光不透明；一个抛光的金属表面有光辉的外表。除此之外，金属是十分硬的，也是可变形的，这个性质解释了它们广泛使用在结构方面的应用。

CERAMICS

Ceramics

are

compounds

between

metallic

and

nonmetallic

elements;

they

are

most

frequently

oxides,nitrides,and

carbides.

The

wide

range

of

materials

that

falls

within

this

classification

includes

ceramics

that

are

composed

of

clay

minerals,cement,and

glass.

that引导的定语从句

译文：陶瓷是介于金属和非金属元素之间的化合物；它们通常是氧化物，氮化物和碳化物。落在这个分类种类中的宽的材料范围包括陶瓷，它们由粘土矿物，水泥和玻璃组成。

These

materials

are

typically

insulative

to

the

passage

of

electricity

and

heat,and

are

more

resistant

to

high

temperatures

and

harsh

environments

than

metals

and

polymers.

With

regard

to

mechanical

behavior,ceramics

are

hard

but

very

brittle.

more….

Than…

with

regard

to….

译文：这些材料是典型的电和热的绝缘体，并且它们比金属和聚合物更加耐高温和耐苛刻的环境。至于机械性能，陶瓷是硬的但是却很脆。

POLYMERS

Polymers

include

the

familiar

plastic

and

rubber

materials.

Many

of

them

are

organic

compounds

that

are

chemically

based

on

carbon,hydrogen,and

other

nonmetallic

elements;

furthermore,they

have

very

large

molecular

structures.

These

materials

typically

have

low

densities

and

may

be

extremely

flexible.

译文：聚合物包括常见的塑料和橡胶材料。它们中的大多数是有机化合物，这些化合物是以化学的方法把碳、氢和其他非金属元素组合而成。因此，它们有非常大的分子结构。这些材料通常有低的密度并且可能十分柔软。

COMPOSITES

A

number

of

composite

materials

have

been

engineered

that

consist

of

more

than

one

material

type.

Fiberglass

is

a

familiar

example,in

which

glass

fibers

are

embedded

within

a

polymeric

material.

more

than…

译文：许多复合材料被作用工程使用，它们由至少一种类型的材料组成。玻璃丝是一个熟悉的例子，玻璃纤维被埋入聚合物材料中。

A

composite

is

designed

to

display

a

combination

of

the

best

characteristics

of

each

of

the

component

materials.

Fiberglass

acquires

strength

from

the

glass

and

flexibility

from

the

polymer.

Many

of

the

recent

material

developments

have

involved

composite

materials.

译文：为了联合显示每一种组分材料最好的特性，一种复合材料被设计出来。玻璃丝从玻璃中获得强度并且从聚合物中获得柔软性。最近发展中的绝大多数材料包含了复合材料。

SEMICONDUCTORS

Semiconductors

have

electrical

properties

that

are

intermediate

between

the

electrical

conductors

and

insulators.

Furthermore,the

electrical

characteristics

of

these

materials

are

extremely

sensitive

to

the

presence

of

minute

concentrations

of

impurity

atoms,which

concentrations

may

be

controlled

over

very

small

spatial

regions.

be

sensitive

to

对…敏感的

译文：半导体有电的性质，它们是介于电导体和绝缘体之间的中间物。除此之外，这些材料的电学性质对微量杂质原子的存在十分敏感，杂质原子浓度可能只是在一个十分小的区域内可以控制。

The

semiconductors

have

made

possible

the

advent

of

integrated

circuitry

that

has

totally

revolutionized

the

electronics

and

computer

industries

(not

to

mention

our

lives)

over

the

past

two

decades.

译文：这些半导体使得集成电路的出现变得可能，在过去20多年间，这些集成电路革新了电子装置和计算机工业（更不用说我们的生活）。

BIOMATERIALS

Biomaterials

are

employed

in

components

implanted

into

the

human

body

for

replacement

of

diseased

or

damaged

body

parts.

These

materials

must

not

produce

toxic

substances

and

must

be

compatible

with

body

tissues

(i.e.,must

not

cause

adverse

biological

reactions).

译文：生物材料被应用于移植进入人类身体以取代病变的或者损坏的身体部件。这些材料不能产生有毒物质而且必须同人身体器官要相容（比如，不能导致相反的生物反应）。

All

of

the

above

materials—metals,ceramics,polymers,composites,and

semiconductors—may

be

used

as

biomaterials.

For

example,some

of

the

biomaterials

such

as

CF/C

(carbon

fibers/carbon)

and

CF/PS

(polysulfone)

are

utilized

in

artificial

hip

replacements.

译文：所有以上材料－金属，陶瓷，聚合物，复合材料和半导体材料可能用作生物材料。比如，如CF/C和CF/PS（聚砜）这些生物材料被用作人工肾的取代物。

ADVANCED

MATERIALS

Materials

that

are

utilized

in

high-technology

(or

high-tech)

applications

are

sometimes

termed

advanced

materials.

By

high

technology

we

mean

a

device

or

product

that

operates

or

functions

using

relatively

intricate

and

sophisticated

principles;

examples

include

electronic

equipment

(VCRs,CD

players,etc.),computers,fiberoptic

systems,spacecraft,aircraft,and

military

rocketry.

译文：用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料。借助于高科技，我们预定一个装置或者产品，这些产品用相对复杂和熟练的原理运转或者起作用；这些例子包括电子设备（

VCRs,CD

播放器），计算机，光纤系统，宇宙飞船，航天飞机和军事火箭。

These

advanced

materials

are

typically

either

traditional

materials

whose

properties

have

been

enhanced

or

newly

developed,high-performance

materials.

Furthermore,they

may

be

of

all

material

types

(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers),and

are

normally

relatively

expensive.

译文：这些高级材料或是典型的传统材料，它们的性质被提高，最近开发出来的，高性能材料。除此之外，它们可能是所有材料类型（比如，金属、陶瓷和聚合物），通常相对较贵。

In

subsequent

chapters

are

discussed

the

properties

and

applications

of

a

number

of

advanced

materials—for

example,materials

that

are

used

for

lasers,integrated

circuits,magnetic

information

storage,liquid

crystal

displays

(LCDs),fiber

optics,and

the

thermal

protection

system

for

the

Space

Shuttle

Orbiter.

译文：

在下面的章节将讨论众多先进材料的性质和应用－比如被用作激光，集成电路，磁信息存储，液晶显示器，光纤和空间舱轨道的热保护系统的材料。

MODERN

MATERIALS’

NEEDS

In

spite

of

the

tremendous

progress

that

has

been

made

in

the

discipline

of

materials

science

and

engineering

within

the

past

few

years,there

still

remain

technological

challenges,including

the

development

of

even

more

sophisticated

and

specialized

materials,as

well

as

consideration

of

the

environmental

impact

of

materials

production.

Some

comment

is

appropriate

relative

to

these

issues

so

as

to

round

out

this

perspective.

译文：在过去几年内，不论材料科学与工程的规律取得了巨大的进步，仍然有一些技术挑战，包括开发更加熟练的专业化的材料，并且考虑材料生产对环境导致的影响。针对这个问题，一些评论是十分相关的。

Nuclear

energy

holds

some

promise,but

the

solutions

to

the

many

problems

that

remain

will

necessarily

involve

materials,from

fuels

to

containment

structures

to

facilities

for

the

disposal

of

radioactive

waste.

译文：核能还保持着一些承诺，但是解决许多仍然存在的问题，将有必要把材料包括在里，从燃料到保护结构以便方便处置这些放射性废料。

Significant

quantities

of

energy

are

involved

in

transportation.

Reducing

the

weight

of

transportation

vehicles

(automobiles,aircraft,trains,etc.),as

well

as

increasing

engine

operating

temperatures,will

enhance

fuel

efficiency.

New

high

strength,low-density

structural

materials

remain

to

be

developed,as

well

as

materials

that

have

higher-temperature

capabilities,for

use

in

engine

components.

译文：相当数量的能源用在交通上。减少交通工具（汽车，飞机，火车等）的重量，和提高引擎操作温度，将提高燃料的使用效率。新的高强，低密度结构材料仍在发展，用作引擎部位能耐高温材料也在发展中。

Furthermore,there

is

a

recognized

need

to

find

new,economical

sources

of

energy,and

to

use

the

present

resources

more

efficiently.

Materials

will

undoubtedly

play

a

significant

role

in

these

developments.

译文：除此之外，寻找新的、经济的能源资源，并且更加有效的使用目前现存的资源是公认为必须的。材料将毫无疑问的在这些发展过程中扮演重要的角色。

For

example,the

direct

conversion

of

solar

into

electrical

energy

has

been

demonstrated.

Solar

cells

employ

some

rather

complex

and

expensive

materials.

To

ensure

a

viable

technology,materials

that

are

highly

efficient

in

this

conversion

process

yet

less

costly

must

be

developed.

译文：比如，太阳能直接转化为电能已经被证实了。太阳能电池使用相当复杂并且昂贵的材料。为了保证技术的可行，在这个转化过程中的高效但不贵的材料必须被发展。

Furthermore,environmental

quality

depends

on

our

ability

to

control

air

and

water

pollution.

Pollution

control

techniques

employ

various

materials.

In

addition,materials

processing

and

refinement

methods

need

to

be

improved

so

that

they

produce

less

environmental

degradation,that

is,less

pollution

and

less

despoilage

of

the

landscape

from

the

mining

of

raw

materials.

译文：除此之外，环境质量取决于我们控制大气和水污染的能力。污染控制技术使用了各种材料。再者，材料加工和精制的方法需要改善以便它们产生很少的环境退化，也就是说，在生材料加工过程中，带来更少的污染和更少的对自然环境的破坏。

Also,in

some

materials

manufacturing

processes,toxic

substances

are

produced,and

the

ecological

impact

of

their

disposal

must

be

considered.

Many

materials

that

we

use

are

derived

from

resources

that

are

nonrenewable,that

is,not

capable

of

being

regenerated.

These

include

polymers,for

which

the

prime

raw

material

is

oil,and

some

metals.

These

nonrenewable

resources

are

gradually

becoming

depleted.

译文：也，在一些材料生产过程中，有毒物质产生了，并且它们的处置对生态产生的影响必须加以考虑。

我们使用的许多材料来源于不可再生的资源，不可再生也就是说不能再次生成的。这些材料包括聚合物，最初的原生材料是油和一些金属。这些不可再生的资源逐渐变得枯竭

which

necessitates:

1)

the

discovery

of

additional

reserves,2)

the

development

of

new

materials

having

comparable

properties

with

less

adverse

environmental

impact,and/or

3)

increased

recycling

efforts

and

the

development

of

new

recycling

technologies.

译文：下面是必须的：1）发现另外的储藏，2）开发拥有较少负环境影响的新材料，3)增加循环的努力并且开发新的循环技术。

As

a

consequence

of

the

economics

of

not

only

production

but

also

environmental

impact

and

ecological

factors,it

is

becoming

increasingly

important

to

consider

the

‘‘cradle-to-grave’’

life

cycle

of

materials

relative

to

the

overall

manufacturing

process.

译文：结果，不仅是生产，而且环境影响和生态因子，和材料整个生产过程紧密相关的材料“一生”的生命周期的考虑变得越来越重要。

篇3：材料科学基础第二章

材料科学基础第二章 本文关键词：材料科学，第二章，基础

材料科学基础第二章 本文简介：湖州师范学院求真学院课堂教学模式改革-《材料科学基础》chapter2-1homeworkFundamentalConcepts:ElectronsinAtoms1.1(a)Citethedifferencebetweenatomicmassandatomicweight.(b)Citetwoimp

材料科学基础第二章 本文内容：

湖州师范学院求真学院课堂教学模式改革-《材料科学基础》chapter

2-1

homework

Fundamental

Concepts:Electrons

in

Atoms

1.1

(a)

Cite

the

difference

between

atomic

mass

and

atomic

weight.

(b)

Cite

two

important

quantum-mechanical

concepts

associated

with

the

Bohr

model

of

the

atom.

(c)

Cite

two

important

additional

refinements

that

resulted

from

the

wave-mechanical

atomic

model.

1.2

Give

the

electron

configurations

for

the

following

ions:

P5+,P3-,Sn4+,Cu2+,I-,and

Ni2+

Reference：

The

Periodic

Table

1.3

To

what

group

in

the

periodic

table

would

an

element

with

atomic

number

112

belong?

1.4

Determine

whether

each

of

the

electron

configurations

given

below

is

an

inert

gas,a

halogen,an

alkali

metal,an

alkaline

earth

metal,or

a

transition

metal.

Justify

your

choices.

Bonding

Forces

and

Energies

1.5

The

net

potential

energy

EN

between

two

adjacent

ions,that

is：

(2.1)

Calculate

the

bonding

energy

E0

in

terms

of

the

parameters

A,B,and

n

using

the

following

procedure:

1.

Differentiate

EN

with

respect

to

r,and

then

set

the

resulting

expression

equal

to

zero,since

the

curve

of

EN

versus

r

is

a

minimum

at

E0

.

2.

Solve

for

r

in

terms

of

A,B,and

n,which

yields

r0,the

equilibrium

interionic

spacing.

3.

Determine

the

expression

for

E0

by

substitution

of

r0

into

Equation

2.1.

1.6

The

net

potential

energy

EN

between

two

adjacent

ions

is

sometimes

represented

by

the

expression

(2.2)

in

which

r

is

the

interionic

separation

and

C,D,and

r

are

constants

whose

values

depend

on

the

specific

material.

(a)

Derive

an

expression

for

the

bonding

energy

E0

in

terms

of

the

equilibrium

interionic

separation

r0

and

the

constants

D

and

r

using

the

following

procedure:

1.

Differentiate

EN

with

respect

to

r

and

set

the

resulting

expression

equal

to

zero.

2.

Solve

for

C

in

terms

of

D,r

and

r0.

3.

Determine

the

expression

for

E0

by

substitution

for

C

in

Equation

2.2.

(b)

Derive

another

expression

for

E0

in

terms

of

r0,C,and

r

using

a

procedure

analogous

to

the

one

outlined

in

part

(a).

我们不能选择出身，但是仍然坚信希望与梦想！

选择放弃，停止前进的努力，你会抱憾终身。